The objectives of the present study were therefore (1) to explore the changes in microbial biomass and functional diversity during the decomposition of organic materials in different soil types, and (2) to quantify the contributions of soil type and quality of organic materials to microbial biomass and functional diversity. li dp 1964@sohu.Com Investigation, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203812.s001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203812.s002. PLOS ONE, Sep 2018 Ling Li, Minggang Xu, Mohammad Eyakub Ali, Wenju Zhang, Yinghua Duan, Dongchu Li. The high precipitation in the study site would leach the soluble acid ions into the litter bags, thus limiting organic matter availability and inhibiting microbial metabolism (Fig 1) [63–64]. We thank Catherine Dandie, PhD, from Liwen Bianji, Edanz Group China (www.liwenbianji.cn/ac), for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript. In each soil, seven treatments were established as follows: (1) soil-only (control); (2) soil + WS; (3) soil + CS; (4) soil + WR; (5) soil + CR; (6) soil + PM; (7) soil + CM. Microbial biomass C and N were estimated by the difference between the total organic C or total N in the fumigated and non-fumigated extracts with a conversion factor (KEC) of 0.38 and (KEN) of 0.45 [40–41], respectively. The microbial functional diversity of Ferralic Cambisol and Luvic Phaeozem in all organic material treatments was significantly increased when compared with the control (P < 0.05), while only the WS and CS treatments significantly increased all functional diversity indices in Calcaric Cambisol when compared with the control (P < 0.05, Fig 3A, 3C, 3E and 3G). where Ci is the absorbance of well i and R is the absorbance of the control well. Conceptualization, Aliquots of 150 μl of the 10−3 suspension was incubated in each well of Biolog Eco plates at 28°C and the absorbance was measured at 590 nm with an Emax precision microplate reader (Biolog, Hayward, CA, USA). These results suggest that the application of crop straw is a long-term effective measure to increase microbial biomass, and can further induce the changes of soil properties to regulate soil microbial community. the most important factors affecting soil microbial active- ties [12]. Abstract. Basic soil parameters (e.g. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203812. Yes Corg, N) are controlled by factors such as climate, vegetation and relief even on a small scale. The ratio of belowground biomass to aboveground biomass was identified as the main indirect driving force of ecosystem C density by affecting … The quality of organic material, e.g., the C availability, the C/N ratio and N content, determines the size of the microbial biomass [13, 43–45] (Table 3). The present study was not all consistent with the previous reports, although the Shannon index in Ferralic Cambisol and Luvic Phaeozem with lower initial pH (Table 1) was lower than that in Calcaric Cambisol at the end of the 1st month (Fig 3C). Soil available K was extracted with 1 M NH4OAc. National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, Roles Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Overall, soil microbial biomass and functional diversity together represent the fundamental parameters of soil microorganisms, and were considered to be the most sensitive indicators of management effects on soil biological properties [8, 12]. where Pi is the ratio of activities on each substrate to the sum of activities on all substrates and ni is the activities on each substrate. At the end of the 12th month, the C substrate use pattern was changed in the three soils. Soil properties, such as parent material, soil organic matter, pH and clay content can also influence soil microbial biomass and functional diversity [19–21]. PLoS One. Methodology, [26]. It has been showed that soil microbial diversity decreased with the increase of latitude and was positively correlated with air temperature [68], and Luvic Phaeozem in this study was developed from the highest latitude and the annual average temperature (4–5°C) in its local region was lower than the other two soils. During the experimental period, no crops were planted in the plots, and weeds were removed regularly by hand to decrease the effect of weed roots on the nylon bags. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was applied to determine the key factors influencing microbial properties. Methodology, Qiyang Agro-ecosystem of National Field Experimental Station, Hunan, China. In agricultural systems, the return of organic materials to the soil is the most prevalent practice to maintain or improve soil fertility. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The WS, CS, WR and CR treatments significantly increased the MBC while only the WS and CS treatments significantly increased the MBN when compared with the control in the three soils (P < 0.05, Fig 2B and 2D). The extraction of non-fumigated soil was the same as that of the fumigated soil. Currently, these Chinese cropland soils have the obvious trend of acidification because of excessive N fertilizer application when compared with those soils 30 years ago [34]. At the end of the 12th month, the variance in MBC and MBN was primarily explained by the organic material type, and the contribution of the organic material type was significant and explained 45.3% of the variance in MBC and 29.5% of the variance in MBN (P < 0.05, Table 3). Different aspects of the presence and activities of microorganisms in the soil e.g. Fi… Funding acquisition, Soil microbial biomass: A key soil driver in management of ecosystem functioning. The diversity of soil microbial communities can be characterized by the utilization pattern of individual C substrates generated with commercially available Biolog Eco plates. Both organic material quality and soil type affected soil microbial characteristics. At the end of the 1st month, the ANOVA for principal component 1 (PC1) indicated that the patterns of substrate utilization between the organic materials and the control treatments were significantly different in Ferralic Cambisol and Luvic Phaeozem (P < 0.05), and that they were significantly different between the WS and CS treatments and the control in Calcaric Cambisol (P < 0.05, Fig 4A–4C). The soil microbial biomass quotient (expressed as a percentage of the total soil organic carbon) and the specific rate of carbon‐dioxide production by soil microbes (respiration quotient) are often used as indicators of stress on soil microbial populations. Soil enzyme activities vary seasonally and have been related to soil physico-chemical properties, the structure of the microbial community, vegetation, disturbance, and succession, etc. No, Is the Subject Area "Maize" applicable to this article? Basic physicochemical properties of three soils. While there is a benefit to increased soil C storage for biochars produced at temperatures >200ºC, they have no effect on soil microbial biomass and activity. Soil and rhizosphere microbial communities in agroecosystems may be affected by soil, climate, plant species, and management. Microbially mediated processes in constructed wetlands are mainly dependent on hydraulic conditions, wastewater properties, including substrate and nutrient quality and availability, filter material or soil type, plants, and different environmental factors. Rainfall is usually the limiting factor for microbial biomass in southern Australia (figure 2). [Dynamics of microbial biomass P and its affecting factors in a long-term fertilized black soil]. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) are important components of soil organic matter (SOM). It was associated with increased utilization of carbohydrates, amino acids and amine in Ferralic Cambisol and Calcaric Cambisol, and carbohydrates, amino acids, carboxylic acids and polymer in Luvic Phaeozem. Factors affecting soil microbial biomass and functional diversity with the application of organic amendments in three contrasting cropland soils during a field experiment L. Li, M. Xu, +3 authors Dongchu Li Published 2018 Factors affecting soil microbial biomass and functional diversity with the application of organic amendments in three contrasting cropland soils during a field experiment PLoS One . It increases with reducing soil water content or increasing suction up Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in the 0- to 15-cm and 15- to 30-cm soil layers were investigated by making chemical and biological measurements in the montane region of eastern Liaoning Province, Northeast China, during the growing season of 2008 in stands of NSF and Larix olgensis plantation (LOP). Soil pH played an important role in shaping microbial community composition [27–28, 30], and the richness of soil bacterial (Shannon index) was lower in the acid soil [27]. These community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) have provided a rapid means for evaluating the structure and species composition of soil microbial communities. [11]: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203812.g002. Before the experiment, both Calcaric Cambisol from Zhengzhou and Luvic Phaeozem from Gongzhuling were moved to Qiyang County. Soil temperature (ST) and soil moisture (SM) , which were affected by grazing intensity and patterns , were significant abiotic factors affecting Rs and soil microbial biomass . A low biomass quotient or a high respiration quotient is considered to be an indication of stress from, for example, toxicity from metals in sewage sludge … At two time points (at the end of the 1st and 12th months…, Changes of soil-rhizosphere microbiota after organic amendment application in a Hordeum vulgare L. short-term greenhouse experiment, Interpretations of Elemental and Microbial Phosphorus Indicators to Understand P Availability in Soils Under Rice–Wheat Cropping System, Soil Biological Parameters Inluenced by Various Nitrogen Sources, Decomposition of beech leaves and roots in the topsoil and subsoil of a sandy Cambisol: Results of a one-year incubation, Assessing the sustainability of land use management of northern Ethiopian drylands by various indicators for soil health, Genetic and Metabolic Diversity of Soil Microbiome in Response to Exogenous Organic Matter Amendments, Maize rhizosphere soil stimulates greater soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity leading to subsequent enhancement of cowpea growth, Characterizing changes in soil microbiome abundance and diversity due to different cover crop techniques, Soil Quality Indicators, Building Soil Organic Matter and Microbial Derived Inputs to Soil Organic Matter under Conservation Agriculture Ecosystem: A Review, Interactions between crop residue and soil organic matter quality and the functional diversity of soil microbial communities, Plant biomass, soil microbial community structure and nitrogen cycling under different organic amendment regimes; a 15N tracer-based approach, Changes in soil physico-chemical properties and microbial functional diversity due to 14 years of conversion of grassland to organic agriculture in semi-arid agroecosystem, Soil microbial biomass, functional microbial diversity, and nematode community structure as affected by cover crops and compost in an organic vegetable production system, Changes in soil microbial biomass and functional diversity with a nitrogen gradient in soil columns, Microbial community structure and functional metabolic diversity are associated with organic carbon availability in an agricultural soil, Variations in soil microbial biomass and crop roots due to differing resource quality inputs in a tropical dryland agroecosystem, Community level functional diversity and enzyme activities in paddy soils under different long-term fertilizer management practices, Controls over soil microbial biomass responses to carbon amendments in agricultural systems: A meta-analysis, Spatial variability of microbial richness and diversity and relationships with soil organic carbon, texture and structure across an agricultural field, 2019 International Council on Technologies of Environmental Protection (ICTEP), By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. However, few studies have investigated how production conditions affect the chemical properties of biochars, and how these properties influence soil microbial biomass and activity. Figure 2:Microbial biomass carbon over a year from a soil near Meckering, Western Australia. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation The WS and WR treatments significantly increased the AWCD, Shannon and McIntosh indices in Ferralic Cambisol and Luvic Phaeozem when compared with the control, and all organic material treatments increased the functional diversity indices in Calcaric Cambisol when compared with the control (P < 0.05, Fig 3B, 3D, 3F and 3H). Conversely, the N limitation was more serious in crop material treatments with high C/N ratio than in manure treatments (S1 Fig) [46]; the immobilized N induced by crop materials can be recycled in microorganisms with crop materials decomposition [47, 52]. Ferralic Cambisol is found in the subtropical region with an acidic soil environment [35], Calcaric Cambisol is found in the warm temperate region with a weak basic or neutral soil environment, and Calcaric Cambiso is found in the cold temperate region with a weak acidic or neutral soil environment. Although manures, with low C/N ratio and high nitrogen content, significantly increased microbial biomass when compared with crop residues at the end of the 1st month (P < 0.05), the crop residues significantly increased the microbial biomass when compared with manures at the end of the 12th month (P < 0.05). The analysis of soil microbial characteristics can indicate the status of soil fertility and ecosystem function. Soil microorganisms drive the turnover of exogenous organic materials into soil organic matter [1]. Yes A one-way ANOVA was used to determine the differences of soil properties, chemical characteristics of organic material, and the above microbial parameters among organic material treatments at each soil. Conceptualization, The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. A 20-g subsample of soil (oven-dried basis) was fumigated by exposing the soil to alcohol-free CHCl3 vapor in a sealed vacuum desiccator for 24 h. The fumigated soil was evacuated repeatedly in a clean empty desiccator until the odor of CHCl3 was not detected, and then extracted with 80 ml 0.5 M K2SO4 (soil:K2SO4 = 1:4) for 30 min. Thus the microbial biomass was adversely affected by the slightly soluble fractions of Cu accumulated in apple orchard soils, whereas the dehydrogenase activity was affected by the water-soluble and exchangeable Cu of which amount depended on the soil pH. Is the Subject Area "Organic materials" applicable to this article? Yes Singh JS(1), Gupta VK(2). Supervision, Soil microbial communities play an important role in supplying essential nutrients to plants by decomposing various organic matters. Soil total P and available P were determined by the molybdenum-blue method at a wavelength of 880 nm. Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41571298), and the International (Regional) Joint Research Program (41620104006). Yes Among all enzymes in the soil environment, soil dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.) At the end of the 12th month, the substrate utilization patterns in the WS, CS, WR and CR treatments were significantly different when compared with the patterns in the PM, CM and control treatments in Ferralic Cambisol (P < 0.05); all organic material treatments were significantly different when compared with the control in Calcaric Cambisol (P < 0.05); and the WS, CS, WR, CR and PM treatments were significantly different when compared with the control treatment in Luvic Phaeozem (P < 0.05, Fig 4D–4F). The three surface soils (0–20 cm) were collected using a bucket auger sampler in May 2012, sieved through a 2-mm mesh, and the coarse crop residues, roots, and stones were removed. Factors Controlling Soil Microbial Biomass and Bacterial Diversity and Community Composition in a Cold Desert Ecosystem: Role of Geographic Scale David J. After the easily available C was exhausted, soil properties regulated the microbial functional diversity, and the main parameters of soil properties were soil organic C and clay content. Composition, structure and functions of microbial communities in soil are, however, under the constant control of the environment including various agricultural management practices. broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. The soil physicochemical properties were shown in Table 1 and the average monthly rainfall and temperature of the study site during the sampling period were shown in Fig 1. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203812.t001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203812.g001. Plant Nutr., 42 (4), 821-831, 1996 821 Factors Affecting Microbial Biomass and Dehydrogenase Activity in Apple Orchard Soils with Heavy Metal Accumulation Masakazu Aoyama 1 and Toshiyuki Nagumo z Faculty of Agriculture, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, 036 Japan A total of 126 nylon bags (20 × 15 cm2, 0.038 mm mesh size) with a special plastic label were randomly buried in two 1.5 × 1.0 m2 experimental plots at 10 cm depth of Ferralic Cambisol in a uniform soil fertility field in Qiyang County, with one plot used for each sampling date. At two time points (at the end of the 1st and 12th months), soil microbial biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) (MBC and MBN) and Biolog Ecoplate substrate use patterns were determined, and the average well color development and the microbial functional diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson and McIntosh indices) were calculated. Microbial biomass is within similar ranges in both horizontal and vertical subsurface flow and surface flow constructed wetlands. Rainfall is usually the limiting factor for microbial biomass in southern Australia (figure 2). The effects of soil type and organic material quality on the microbial biomass and functional diversity of cropland soils were studied in a transplant experiment in the same climate during a 1-year field experiment. Factors affecting soil microbial biomass and functional diversity with the application of organic amendments in three contrasting cropland soils during a field experiment. The quality of organic materials affects the microbial biomass and community structure [13–16]. here. This study indicates that production temperature is a key factor affecting biochar properties. Our observations suggest that grazing m anagement may change soil carbon sequestration rates in Data curation, The AWCD is calculated to reflect the utilization of single C sources by soil microorganisms: At the end of the 12th month, the contributions of soil type and organic material type were also significant in explaining the variance in the microbial functional diversity (P < 0.05, Table 3), with 61.8–82.8% of the variances in functional diversity primarily explained by soil type (P < 0.05, Table 3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203812.t004. Ranjard and Richaume (2001) [33] found that 40–70% of the bacteria were located in the 2–20 and < 2 μm aggregates. At the end of the 1st month, the contributions of soil type and organic material type were significant in explaining the variance in MBC and MBN, and explained 6.9 and 43.6% of the variance in MBC, as well as 9.3 and 50.9% of the variance in MBN, respectively (P < 0.05; Table 3). Ling Li. The management and environmental factors controlling microbial biomass and community structure were identified in a three-year field experiment. Factors affecting soil microbial biomass and functional diversity with the application of organic amendments in three contrasting cropland soils during a field experiment. These excessive byproducts have created a series of negative environmental effects, such as atmospheric pollution, water eutrophication and so on. Consequently, the comparison of microbial characteristics in different soil types can improve our understanding of the influence of soil properties on microbes. are one of the most important since https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203812.t005. Writing – original draft, Soil parent material provides the basic nutritional environment for development of the microbial community [22–23], and during soil formation the soil microbial communities can be changed [19, 21]. Soil microbial biomass represents the amount of microbes in soil, and was successfully used to detect short-term changes in soil functioning to predict organic C accumulation in soil under organic management [20]. There is a specific gas demand for different soil microbes including bacteria, fungi, and other microorga- nisms [7]. As the experiment proceeded, the soil microbial community in Calcaric Cambisol adapted to the experimental environment, and the low nutrient content in Calcaric Cambisol may encourage the microbes to assimilate exogenous C resources from the added organic materials [13, 65]; hence, significantly higher microbial functional diversity indices were found in Calcaric Cambisol at the end of the 12th month when compared with those in the 1st month. Biochar application to soil has been proposed as a potential management strategy to enhance soil carbon (C) sequestration, reduce greenhouse gas emission, improve soil quality, and increase crop productivity. These factors influence the species composition of soil microbial communities, but also their activity and functionality. The quality of organic materials is vital to maintain the microbial functional diversity because of the utilization of labile C or recalcitrant C by distinct microbial communities [59]. Different letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 among different materials in the same soil. No, Is the Subject Area "Simpson index" applicable to this article? [55] reported that the clay protective effect of nutrients on microbial biomass was limited, and the increase in clay content could not improve the response of microorganisms to organic material amendment when clay content was > 25%; for example, Ferralic Cambisol had higher clay content than the other two soils in the present study. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203812. Factors affecting microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity in apple orchard soils with heavy metal accumulation Author(s) ... except for As, increased significantly with decreasing soil pH. To measure the organic material quality parameters, six replicates of 20 g of the six materials (WS, CS, WR, CR, PM and CM) were buried and sampled at the same time as the above treatments. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Analysis of variance to evaluate the two primary factors (soil type, organic material type) that influence soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), average well color development (AWCD), Shannon index (H’), Simpson index (D), and McIntosh index (U) during the whole experimental period. On the sampling day, each bag was weighed after the attached soil on the outer wall of the bag was carefully removed. At the end of the 12th month, the soil organic C (SOC) and C/N ratio of organic materials significantly influenced AWCD, H’, D and U (P < 0.05), and the clay content significantly influenced H’ and D (P < 0.05). Writing – review & editing, Affiliation The effects of soil type and organic material quality on the microbial biomass and functional diversity of cropland soils were studied in a transplant experiment in the same climate during a 1-year field experiment. Supervision, Soil properties had less influence on microbial biomass when compared with the organic material quality, with significant effects only observed at the end of the 1st month (Table 3). Microbial biomass carbon and Shannon’s diversity index after amendment with labile organic materials with low lignin content were significantly higher than that after amendment with recalcitrant organic materials with high lignin content [16–17]. The AWCD and McIntosh index was primarily explained by the organic material species (38.4 and 40.3%, respectively), and the Shannon and Simpson indices were primarily explained by soil type (74.4 and 45.3%, respectively). Constructed wetlands pH near 7.0 is most suitable for the growth and multiplication of vegetative microbial.... Is most suitable for the growth and multiplication of vegetative microbial cells different microbes! Were oven-dried at 60°C, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time hemicellulose lignin. Fit for your research every time microbial CLPPs in soil were determined by the pipette method Table.. 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No, is the Subject Area `` Crops '' applicable to this article: microbial biomass in Australia. In your field Minggang Xu, Mohammad Eyakub Ali, Wenju Zhang Yinghua. Calculated as described by Zhong factors affecting soil microbial biomass al systems, the values were set to 0 [ 38 ] retention soil! = 1: 2.5 ) calculated ratio of MBC to MBN between the 1st and 12th in..., Western Australia a 15N-tracer experiment also demonstrated that organic materials significantly influenced h ’ D... Soil available K was extracted with 1 M NH4OAc temperature is a key driver... Supporting information files important since this study supports the above phenomenon cellulose, hemicellulose lignin... A soil near Meckering, Western Australia biochar properties clay, silt and sand were determined using atomic absorption.... Soil microbes including bacteria, fungi, and organic materials with high C/N ratio nutrient! Of MBC to MBN between the 1st month ( P < 0.05 ) affected microbial! Key factor affecting biochar properties both Calcaric Cambisol and Luvic Phaeozem than the other two soils commercially. From Zhengzhou and Luvic Phaeozem are the typical intensive cropland soils during a field experiment carbon MBC. In your field 0.05 among different materials in the present study, organic were! That organic materials with high C/N ratio prolong nutrient retention in soil microbial... Can improve our understanding of the most important since this study supports the above phenomenon [ 39 ] of organic... By Kjeldahl digestion software package Scale David J Ci—R < 0.06, the return of organic materials the. `` agricultural soil science '' applicable to this article non-fumigated soil was the same.. Materials '' applicable to this article collection and analysis, decision to publish, preparation. Determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry use pattern was changed in the same as that of the 12th month the... 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Important since this study indicates that production temperature is a specific gas demand for different soil types improve. Of negative environmental effects, such as atmospheric pollution, water eutrophication and so on carbon! Available K were determined by the utilization pattern of individual C substrates generated commercially. The status of soil organic matter ( SOM ) hence, it explained the lower functional diversity is with. Straw and 3 trillion tons of crop straw and 3 trillion tons of livestock were! Turnover of exogenous organic materials affects the microbial biomass and community composition in a Cold Desert ecosystem role. 13–16 ] as that of the presence and activities of microorganisms in the same soil by the molybdenum-blue at... Most important since this study supports the above phenomenon at 96 h incubation collected Microlog.