On the paved floor [031] a discreet deposit of oak charcoal (Ouercus sp.) Sold. A small assemblage of charcoal and charred hazelnut shell was recovered alongside a much larger number of burnt bone fragments, with material suitable for dating noted in 13 samples. Only one lithic, flint chunk <22>, exhibited evidence of heat alteration or burning. Both individuals from Cist 1 were of similar adolescent age, although that from the secondary burial was probably slightly older. The surface was also poorly preserved, with large areas of encrustation present and only small portions of the original finish surviving, with the blade edge surviving intact over only one small length. The exterior surface and the interior of the rim bevel are slipped and decorated. The results are given in Table 3 and have been calibrated to calendar dates. The rapier is cast in bronze and measures 337mm in length, with a maximum blade width of 18mm. Bronze Age; Daggers, knives, rapiers and swords; Similar Records. The rapier was particularly important, being the first example found in Lanarkshire, amongst a corpus of around 40 dirks and rapiers recorded throughout Scotland, of which only four represent the Group 1 type. Its displacement sadly removed any chance we may have had at establishing its chronological and spatial relationship with cairn and burials; it may, for example, have accompanied a cist or burial incorporated into the upper cairn material and subsequently destroyed. One flint regular flake <10> recovered from topsoil was a convex end scraper. 17 of the sherds are decorated. Register for a new account. Thus, it is not impossible to suggest that the rapier originally derived from a ritual deposit within the cairn or accompanied a later burial. As well as the rapier, found by the site director Douglas Gordon, three cremation burials and two urns were also identified. The Glasgow Archaeological Society was founded in 1856 to promote the study of archaeology with a special emphasis on western Scotland. The earliest of the rapiers had a complex cross-section consisting of ribs and grooves, with clear ancestry in the dagger series which had begun in the Early Bronze Age. Indeed, dating evidence obtained from hearth (032) – located in a gap within the inner kerb and beneath upper cairn material (011) and initially thought to be contemporary with Bronze Age activities at the cairn – suggested an 18th or early 19th century AD date (see dating). The handle were simple, literally a handle. In addition to documenting new discoveries, the journal promotes scholarly discussion and debate by encouraging the submission of papers of synthesis and analysis. Published in Scottish Archaeological Journal 42. Rathmell Archaeology Ltd carried out the excavation of a disturbed kerbed cairn at Swaites Hill, Cloburn Quarry, South Lanarkshire. Their similarity with the grooved daggers of Gerloff's Armorico-British type (Gerloff 1975), combined with their largely complementary distribution, has led to the suggestion that these objects may be contemporary with some of the later dagger types and that the Group 1 rapiers may have their origins as early as 1600–1500 BC (Cowie 1995, 349). The Swaites Hill rapier adds a fifth example to the known corpus, forming an extension to the southwest concentration formed by the Dumfries and Galloway finds and a link with the two Perthshire finds to the north-east (see Turner, forthcoming, for a more detailed discussion of the Swaites Hill find in the wider context of rapier deposition). The team needed to act quickly because the force of the flooding would damage the timbers, and chemicals in the water could start their decay. Forgotten your password? Stay signed in. No. However, the full picture must sadly remain incomplete due to the modern disturbance which subsequently took place upon the site. The site, now a clay quarry owned by Forterra, is close to Whittlesey, Cambridgeshire and sits astride a prehistoric watercourse inside the Flag Fen basin. Very occasional flecks of alder charcoal (Alnus glutinosa L.) were present, from which a radiocarbon date of 3753 ± 29BP (cal BC 2232–2120 at 2 Sigma, SUERC-71906 (GU 43373)) was obtained. The Bronze Age rapier was recovered from a spread of redeposited cairn material (009). This suggested pre-cairn anthropic activity such as clearance or agriculture in the immediate environs of the site, with any such activity potentially occurring closer to Zone 3. With the introduction of copper, and eventually bronze, daggers could be made longer, and evolved into swords.The evolution of the dagger into the sword is thus gradual, and in 2004 the first "swords" have been claimed for the Early Bronze Age (c. 33rd to 31st centuries), based on finds at Arslantepe, weapo… Register for a new account. The ensuing development of the full tang swords during this period of change began to displace the rapiers, as they could be made more robustly and thus deliver more powerful blows than the rapier. The Chester Hill fort is comparable to the now-lost Cairngryffe Hill, with its main phase of construction and use occurring in the pre-Roman Iron Age. Of the remaining 36 lithics, two raw material types were present: flint (7 lithics, 20% – grey to translucent brown in colour) and chert (29 lithics, 80% – light to dark grey in colour, some pieces exhibiting banding or mottling). The authors are particularly thankful to Thomas Rees and Louise Turner who gave much support and guidance during the writing and editing of this publication. The remains were subsequently weighed using scales accurate to 0.1 gram. A cast bronze rapier with narrow lozenge-section blade, flanged grip and pierced discoid guard. The Statistical Accounts mention additional urns being uncovered under a cairn (Canmore ID 47644) a quarter of a mile away but give no explanation why that cairn was dug up. Frequent references to these first Bronze Age swords highlight their insubstantial hilting arrangement, and the relative flimsiness of their blades, and conclude that they were not serviceable weapons. When these were the weapon of choice of the warriors whose lives depended on them, they were only likely to face another weapon of similar strength on the field of battle. The exterior surface is smoothed. <26.8> is a small sherd from the bottom edge of the collar; <26.18> a basal fragment from the wall and interior surface of a flat base. Experimental studies examining the different fracture patterns produced by burning fleshed and dry bone, however, have produced conflicting results (Correia, 1997, 279). 1500-1250BC. These swords had light blades, with two cutting edges and a sharp point. Although there are some slight differences in the reported results, in the main, the higher the temperature, the lighter the colour. The thickness was much less (0–50mm) over the outer and inner kerbs. The fifth and final phase relates to the modern destruction and removal of much of the upper cairn material (011). Infrequent inclusions of hazelnut shell were found within this lower cairn material. It is credible that this was deliberately interred within this cist, although the knife would have been broken at that time. 23.8cm long. The sherds from vessel 1 were identified as from a collared urn, but it is not certain if that vessel was bipartite or tripartite. This may indicate that the kerbs and associated cairn fabric provided a visible – and potentially also a physical - demarcation between the funerary and ritual activity taking place at the centre of the cairn and the world beyond. The second phase began with the final formation of the multi-lobed inner kerb [014]. One of the bronze handled pieces from Ireland has such a small handle as to indicate suggest the intriguing possibility that some were belonging to female warriors. In Zone 3, (027) – a dark mottled slightly clay silt with frequent small charcoal flecks and occasional small stone inclusions – was found underlying [012] at the recess (Fig 5). Another cairn recently explored to the west of Swaites Hill at Cloburn Quarry (Canmore ID: 47715) revealed jet beads and a stone axehead, in addition to lithics and Neolithic and Bronze Age pottery (Lelong and Pollard 1998a). This would suggest that there was no fixed point or stage for the final use of a cist and that knowledge of their. The floor consisted of a paved surface [031], formed from sub-angular flat stones between 80–460mm in length and less than 30mm thick. An inner and outer kerb were noted: the inner revealed two short cists, one containing two cremation burials. All three are nearly ready to be hilted, with the Ci leading the gang (it's already 90% polished.) Cist 1 [015] was aligned westnorthwest-eastsoutheast and was rectangular in plan, measuring 1.1m by 0.7m and 0.5m in depth. There is a possible part perforation 5mm in diameter, 35mm below the lip. As well as recovering struck lithics, the two hand-excavated trenches suggested that the probable ring cairn was indeed very likely to be a prehistoric cairn. The authors would like to thank Cloburn Quarry Developments for funding this project and for their support throughout. The Group 1 dirks and rapiers are a variable group in terms of dimension and form. Sherds comprising the fragmentary remains of part of a collared urn – 1 rim sherd, 22 body sherds and a basal sherd (<26> and <53>) were recovered from disturbed cremation burial (017), and one rim sherd (<29>) was recovered from (011), the upper cairn material. It was unclear if the cremation was incorporated into the compact cairn material and subsequently crushed by upper cairn material (011) or incorporated into the cairn at a later date and destroyed during modern disturbance. The deposit was irregular in plan, measuring up to 0.85m in length by 0.65m in width and up to 250mm in depth. Alternatively, the rapier may never have accompanied a burial in the first place, instead representing the deposition of a single object in a ‘special’ place. The primary fills of the cist ((034) and (036)) were dark brown silty clays with fragments of charcoal derived from alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) and hazel (Corylus avellana L.) as well as a marked quantity of cremated human bone. The destruction and removal of stone may represent stone-robbing, or it could have been caused by treasure-hunting by antiquarians sometime during the 19th century. They have a flattened or slightly rounded broad midrib, and rapidly tapering edges / bevels. It was, however, incomplete, with much of the butt and the blade tip missing. Both sites are within easy walking distance of Swaites Hill, and similar stone-robbing or investigation can easily be envisaged at the Swaites Hill cairn. Sherds <29>, <26.1>, <26.2>, <26.7> and <26.8> indicate the shape of the rim and collar. They travelled in long wooden boats rowed by oarsmen. The rapier may originally have been placed within this recess following the deposition of upper cairn material (011). The other two cremations, the primary burial from the cist and that from context [017] fell far short of a full cremation. While the dislocation of this object from its original burial environment in unfortunate, the recovery of Bronze Age rapiers during controlled archaeological excavation remains an extremely rare occurrence. Key: *=<10, **=10–29, ***=30–100, ****=>100, weight given in grams in brackets. Sherds from two Bronze Age urns – a collared urn and an urn of undetermined type – were recovered from the excavations at Swaites Hill. Bronze Age; Daggers, knives, rapiers and swords; Similar Records. They rapidly cleaned and recorded the exposed timbers, removing some for examination and to provide samples fo… The decoration is also comparable: both objects have five flanking grooves on either side of the midrib, which increases to seven towards the tip, and the midrib is very broad and flat towards the butt, with the flanking grooves terminating outwith, as opposed to beneath, the rivet holes. All of the remains were similar in appearance: colour was a uniform beige and there was no evidence of variations in colour. Some, however, did not follow this pattern. The total weight of charcoal recovered was 26.6g. Post by Polhigey » Mon Aug 19, 2019 5:32 pm Best Bronze age tool to date, did find a part Rapier blade not too far away and a … The site has produced large quantities of Bronze Age metalwork, including a rapier and sword in 1969, and more recently the discovery of nine pristinely preserved log boats in 2011. Colour change is thought to relate to decomposition of the organic component (Shipman et al, 1984, 322.). The Society provides research grants to members of the society. The pattern on the Swaites Hill urn has parallels with urns from England and Wales as well as Scotland (here the references are to the catalogue in Longworth's volume which contains bibliographic references, museum collection, etc). These Bronze Age swords represent the earliest swords of Europe and some of the oldest objects in the Museum. To the immediate northwest of the re-deposited cairn material in Zones 1 and 2 was a low-lying bank of material aligned from east-northeast to west-southwest. Code: AA268. The identification of, and assessment of age from, the dental remains, is based on van Beek (1983). Similar practices may have occurred at Broomlands, Kelso where two cist burials, with original inhumations of Early Bronze Age date (though separated by at least a century), had a Late Bronze Age inhumation subsequently inserted (McLaren & Wilson 2013–2014). A rare find of a bronze age rapier sword blade, approximately 3,500 years old, was donated to Torquay Museum by two members of the Newton Abbot and District Metal Detecting Club. The quartz pieces were predominantly recovered from processed soil samples (149 pieces) with the primary fill of Cist 2 dominating this assemblage (103 pieces), followed by the primary fills of Cist 1 (45 pieces). Lasting for approximately 1,700 years, it was preceded by the era of Neolithic Britain and was in turn followed by the period of Iron Age Britain.Being categorised as the Bronze Age, it was marked by the use of copper and then bronze by the prehistoric Britons, who used such metals to fashion tools. Stay signed in. The use of alternating panels of vertical and horizontal lines of decoration is referred to by Longworth as ‘incised hurdle pattern’ (1984, 217). (According to one experiment conducted by Dr Alison Sheridan (2010), it could take as long as 24 hours before the remains are cool enough to handle.) Layers (033) and (027), found in Zones 3 and 4 under and between some of the stones forming the outer kerb [012], were most likely the remains of the pre-cairn ground surface. The longest and thinnest of these weapons fall into a sub-group called Type Lissane, an although these fine weapons are often used to exemplify the weapon type, they are much less robust than the majority of weapons. It may initially have been deposited within the main body of the cairn, either in isolation or as part of a burial, before modern disturbance displaced it. Both cists also contained lithic material, possibly waste: this included chert and flint chunks, outnumbered by small chunks of quartz and quartz gravel. Moulds of stone or clay would be encased in a thick layer of coarse clay to aid in heat retention so that the mould did not cool too quickly, as the thermal shock can cause internal flaws in the weapon, if not macro-damage in the form of fractures. The fabric is fine clay with roughly 60% of well crushed angular fragments which has fired hard and is red with a grey core (Fig 8). Too few sherds are present to reconstruct the profile of either vessel. Archaeological literature refers to these as 'dirks' and 'rapiers', but despite the inherent inferences these names make with regard to use, they should truly be regarded as swords, and the progenitors of the lineage which continued through the many ages of man which were to follow. The compaction of the lower cairn fabrics, (029) and (018), is at odds with the loosely-compacted nature of the upper cairn material (011) which suggests they derive from different phases, with the location of disturbed cremation (017), which lay between lower cairn material (029) and upper cairn material (011) confirming that the lower cairn material located between the inner and outer kerbs was earlier. A third disturbed cremation burial with associated cordoned urn was present within cairn material between the inner and outer kerbs. Modern contamination was recorded in all 19 samples and was composed of roots, spores, earth worm capsules, fly pupae and insect eggs. The original form of the butt and the configuration of the hilting mechanism could not be established from the small portion which survived. Prior to excavation, the cairn at Swaites Hill, Cloburn Quarry, South Lanarkshire appeared simple in character, comprising a massively robbed-out and disturbed ring-cairn. As excavation proceeded it was possible to identify two main elements, a central upper layer of disturbed cairn material (011) around which was a layer of re-deposited cairn material (009) (see Modern Disturbance). The earliest of the rapiers had a complex cross-section consisting of ribs and grooves, with clear ancestry in the dagger series which had begun in the Early Bronze Age. During the Bronze Age, many people crossed the sea from mainland Europe to Britain. Findings from other cist burial sites in Scotland also show variation in their final contents: some contain no grave goods or cremated remains, while over half of those with cremated remains which were excavated in antiquity were backfilled with soil while others were only partially filled or not filled at all (Hunter 2000). The fact that the two cists were not located centrally within the cairn may suggest that they were enclosed initially by a smaller oval-shaped kerb, measuring 7m by 6m, which was later expanded into the larger inner kerb [014]. General osteological methods employed are those outlined in Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994) and, specifically for juvenile remains, on Schaefer et al. The profile of <29> shows that the rim has a deep interior bevel and that the exterior profile of the rim slopes out below the level of the bevel. Cremated remains were often either placed in an urn or an urn was placed upside down over cremated remains in a pit or cist. The hoard was found in chalk rubble, probably during the excavation of building foundations. Within Zone 4 a dark orange-brown clay-silt deposit, (033), was recorded under and between some of the stones. The side stones forming its walls were capped by further level stones, placed to slightly overhang the body of the cist. The excavation at Testwood Lake of the oldest bridge in England presented archaeologists with an interesting challenge The timbers were found during the excavation of a temporary lagoon which would be flooded with water two weeks after they were found. The weapons themselves are typically quite light, but comparatively robust pieces, and were most often wedged into an organic handle (horn being the most common surviving material), further secured by means of rivets which gripped the hilt tight around the base of the blade and also limited movement. It is uncertain where these swords fit into this panoply, or how they were viewed by warriors of the time. As the upper cairn material (011) and re-deposited cairn material (009) were removed, a curving line of large stones [012] measuring up to 780mm by 520mm in extent was revealed. Its displacement sadly removed any chance we may have had at establishing its chronological and spatial relationship with cairn and burials; it may, for example, have accompanied a cist or burial incorporated into the upper cairn material and subsequently destroyed. While the contexts within which these were recovered are of note they were excluded from further analytical work after this characterisation. Preservation was good, making them suitable for radiocarbon dating. Sold. A burnt spread (032), was excavated, overlying (026) and partly within a gap in the inner kerb but beneath the loosely-compacted cairn fabric (011) within Zone 1. Rather, they may have comprised solitary standing stones incorporated into the cairn. The upper cairn material (011) formed a circular shape 14m in diameter and between 200–460mm thick beneath the re-deposited material. This would suggest that all of the funerary activity located beneath the upper cairn material took place over one to two centuries. By positioning the cairn slightly off the summit, views would have been partially obscured from the north, but it would have been visible from the south and southeast. The bevel is decorated with a row of (probably) incised lines just below the lip and a row of slightly oblique whipped cord impressed lines in the opposite direction below. Dr Kenneth Brophy (University of Glasgow)Prof Jane Downes (University of Highlands and Islands)Professor Stephen Driscoll (University of Glasgow)Dr Philip Freeman (University of Liverpool)Dr Sally Foster (University of Stirling)Prof Niall Sharples (University of Cardiff). At least five possible phases for the construction and usage of the Swaites Hill cairn can be extrapolated from both its stratigraphy and overall morphology. The second group of sherds (<4>), a rim, a body sherd and a rim fragment, is from an undecorated vessel with an internal bevel, the lip slightly splayed to the exterior. Charcoal was present in all 19 samples, though very fragmentary in eight, with material suitable for species identification only present in 11 (Table 2). Of the remaining pieces, after excluding the chunks (14 lithics), there were five blades (including two microblades) and six flakes (four regular, two irregular). The size of the cremation deposit of the secondary burial in Cist 1, as well as the completeness of the remains, suggest that they were carefully collected. This is the grooved rapier from Isleham, Cambridgeshire (Burgess & Gerloff 1981, Cat. The portion of [014] that survived in Zone 3 was formed by large stones with additional flat stones leaning against the outside face of the kerb. The latter is more typical of kerbed cairns. Re: Bronze Age Tool. Bronze Age Knife £ 625.00. This material had similar compaction and character to the re-deposited cairn material (009). In 1907 James D G Dalrymple endowed the Society with bequest to support a lectureship on aspects of European archaeology. Much of the hoard dates to the Middle Bronze Age, around 3,500 years ago. Though no grave goods were found within the cists a small number of lithics were identified during the processing of the soil samples taken from them. The evaluation confirmed the suspected clearance cairns to be exactly that; their age could not, however, be ascertained. The base (025) was a compact mid grey-brown silty sand with frequent sub-angular and sub-rounded stone inclusions, most likely the remains of degraded stone or stones. Beneath the upper cairn material, (011), an inner ‘ring’ of kerb stones [014] was identified. It was nonetheless possible to establish that the midrib was rounded in section and to identify five grooves flanking each side of the midrib on both sides. Swaites Hill 320m OD (NGR NS 95177 41374) sits to the north of Tinto Hill within a loop of the River Clyde, with commanding views of the river to the north, east and south (Fig 1). The former is known to have occurred in the area (Ferguson 1794) when the digging out of large stones for building material was recorded from a large enclosure, most likely the Blackshouse Burn enclosure 900m to the south. This site uses cookies. Respecting the integrity of the context and find numbers, each bone fragment was then examined and sorted according to anatomical area and the results recorded on an Excel spreadsheet. This increased near the tip to seven, though the details of the transition were concealed by corrosion products. As the remains had some adhering soil, the bones from all contexts were washed in clean tap water, and brushed where necessary, according to recommended guidelines for the treatment of cremated remains (McKinley and Roberts, 1993; Brickley and McKinley, 2004). Just as the colour of cremated remains can signify the temperatures reached during the burning process, variations in the colour of bone fragments can give an indication of uneven burning of the body. This was followed by an archaeological evaluation in April 2015 (Gordon 2015): this comprised an 8% evaluation of the ground and the targeted investigation of several probable clearance cairns. Three other finds by metal detectorists … Their hard work and diligence on site was very much appreciated. The fabric is fine sandy clay with roughly 60% of angular rock fragments, some up to 13mm, which has fired hard and is grey with a brown exterior surface. The rapier measured 337mm in length and 18mm in maximum width. "The history of the sword is the history of mankind", a bold statement by Richard Burton in the late nineteenth century, yet one that holds a ring of truth to it. Within the area enclosed by the inner kerb [014], two cists [015] and [016] were revealed beneath the upper cairn material (011), south of the centre of the cairn in Zone 2. All the material suggests a Bronze Age date which ties in with the radiocarbon dates recovered from the cists’ fills. The length of time bones are exposed to heat may also be a factor in colour change (Correia, 1997). The quartz may have been deposited deliberately, though the possibility that it entered the cists via natural means cannot be ruled out. It’s like that the earliest moulds for making flat axes were made from stone, although the use of a hollow in the ground cannot be ruled out. 19 bulk samples were submitted for processing from the excavation undertaken at Swaites Hill. Scottish Archaeological Journal is abstracted and indexed in the following: Excavation of two burnt mounds and a wooden trough near Ryeriggs, Fochabers, MorayGary Savory Bronze Age Palstave Axe Head £ 275.00. The Swaites Hill urn has close parallels with two urns from Sketewan, Perth and Kinross (Burgess 1997, 305–9) which have the same panelled design on the collar although it was executed in lines of impressed twisted cord rather than incisions. Reconstruction of a Bronze Age Rapier, dating to the middle Bronze Age (1700-1200BC), recovered during the excavation of a Burial Cairn at Cloburn Quarry, Swaites Hill, South Lanarkshire. : 47645 ) to photograph and use image of rapier of cairn (! Of the organic component ( Shipman et al, 1984, 322. ) deposit of oak (! Later supplanted by the deposition of fine weaponry in rivers and wet.. Material for cutting edged tools and weapons history that spanned from c. 2500 until c. 800 BC Group! Burnt remains can indicate the temperature, the Journal promotes scholarly discussion and by... 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